The universe is driven by a time pulse like every computer circuit ever invented. The universe is essentially a computational system - the original quantum computer and also an optical computer - hence we speak of 'the light' in metaphysics, religion, etc. The light is the operating mechanism. The space-time continuum is the equivalent of an output screen on a computer. The universe we study in contemporary physics is comprised of information. Information relates to entities. The pulse is the refresh rate of the this universal display medium. It seems most likely that the time of the pulse is what is known as the Planck time, the smallest meaningful period of time in the known universe. It is my contention that this time represents the pulse of the universe. I regard time as a series of 'frames' in which the entire universe is a static arrangement. In the next pulse everything is changed. What we experience as continuous time is really a series of stationary frames of time like the images in a video or movie. As the universe is essentially a computational process, the entire structure is recalculated between each pulse. Every thing or entity remains located around its own zero point or origin. What changes is its relationship to everything else. Nothing remains static because every entity affects every other throughout the whole.
When one thing changes, all things change during the re-calculation for the next moment of time. The pulse is the reason why there is uncertainty in physical processes. When we measure the position or momentum of a particle, we are trying to measure it in vastly greater time scales than the time quantum. The particle's circumstances will have changed of the order of 1043 times in every second and so will that of the measuring device. Each moment of time is a new universe in which everything has changed. This is why time is not reversible. The smallest local event changes the whole universe therefore the simplest action is irreversible in absolute terms. With each pulse we remake ourselves. The pulse is part of a universal cycle. It is what happens in the non-corporeal phase of the cycle that determines the outcome of the next pulse. The pulse occurs when the universe, having collapsed to a single point, now turns inside-out again but this time around each centre or point defining a particular object in space-time. Each point becomes the centre of the universe from the point of view of that object. This could not occur if there was not a conceptual order, a counterpart to the universe we experience that is comprised of information.
The idea of a time pulse or time quantum is widely disputed. There is a section in the link just shown attributed to William G. Tifft, a professor of astronomy at the University of Arizona:
"My colleagues and I have observed that the 'red shifts' of galaxies seems to be quantized. The red shift is the apparent shift in the frequency of light from distant galaxies. This shift is toward the red end of the spectrum and its magnitude increases with distance. If 'red shifts' were due to a simple stretching of light caused by the expansion of the universe, as is generally assumed, then they should take on a smooth distribution of values. In fact, I find that 'red shifts' appear to take on discrete values, something that is not possible if they are simply due to the cosmic expansion. This finding suggests that there is something very fundamental about space and time which we have not yet discovered.
"The redshifted light we observe is consists of photons, discrete 'particles' of light energy. The energy of a photon is the product of a physical constant (Planck's constant) times the frequency of the light. Frequency is defined as the reciprocal of time, so if only certain 'red shifts' are possible, then only certain energies are present, and hence only certain frequencies (or, equivalently, time intervals) are allowed. To the extent that 'red shifts' of galaxies relate to the structure of time, then, it suggests an underlying quantization."
If my model of a computational universe in which material objects create their own space-time is correct then it might hold an explanation. Clearly large objects create larger spatial fields for smaller objects to share co-existence. I think they do more than just this and play a part in their projection into spatial-temporal form. This may be why black holes exist at the centre of galaxies, not just to hold them together gravitationally because I suspect that they do not have that strong an effect. They may have the role of a gigantic equivalent of the zero point origin. In the cascade of dimensions they are a high level reference point for the distribution of local centres within their conceptual structure. A galaxy is an individual entity like any other. All individual entities require a zero point reference centre from which their spatial pattern emerges on each successive pulse.
When light travels through space it hitches a ride from the nearest local source of space (gravitation). It's zero point is geometrically projected by the that object in the explicative process. Between stars they rely on the interstellar spatial matrix. At the extremities of the galaxy this must be related to the nearest black hole or similar massive object. Ultimately light leaves the galaxy and travels outwards between them. At some stage it will cease to 'belong' to local centres of space-time and will be required to construct its own spatial matrix as it travels. If this requires computational energy from the universe, it might create the illusion of a red shift and not the Doppler effect. As the universe is on its lowest level a binary or quantised process, the effect itself is probably quantised. This might create the illusion that the universe is expanding and the need for cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy and similar theoretical fiddles, sorry, adjustments. Connectivity